Construction and psychometric properties of the Demands-Labor Resources Scale to measure work stress
Keywords:
stress, work stress, job demands, job resources, psychometric,Abstract
The objective of this research was to design a scale to measure work stress based on the Job Demands-Resources Model. The methodology used to build the Job Demand-Resources Scale was developed in eight stages. a) Systematic review of the literature, b) Determination of the factors and factorial structure of the scale, c) Application of natural semantic networks to identify the psychological meanings of the factors of the scale, d) Contrasting the results obtained in the literature review and the natural semantic network, e) Preparation of the items bank, f) Inter-judge validity, g) Integration of the scale, h) Application of the scale to a sample of 513 workers to determine its psychometric properties, validity of construct (exploratory factor analysis) and reliability (Cronbach's Alpha). Results. The scale has 14 factors: 6 job demands (F1. Physical and psychological demands, F2. Cognitive demands, F3. Emotional demands, F4. Work overload, F5. Time pressure, F6. Conflict and role ambiguity) and 8 labor resources (F7. Feedback, F8. Participation in decision-making, F9. Autonomy, F10. Rewards, F11. Job stability, F12. Job development opportunities, F13. Peer social support, and F14. Superior social support. The results indicate that the scale is valid and reliable. The final version of the scale has a total of 75 items. It is recommended that future research focus on validating the scale associated with burnout and engagement according to the Job Demands-Resources Model.
Downloads
References
Agbenyikey, W., Karasek, R., Cifuentes, M., Wolf, P.A., Seshadri, S., Taylor, J.A., Beiser, A.S. & Au, R. (2015). Job strain and cognitive decline: A prospective study of the Framingham offspring cohort. International Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 6(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2015.534
Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new approach at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Siegrist, J., Wahrendorf, M., Hoven, H., Goldberg, M. & Zins, M. (2019). Is effort-reward imbalance at work associated with different domains of health functioning? Baseline results from the French Constances Study. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 92(4), 467-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1374-8
Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Cifre, E. y Martínez, I. (2006). Metodología RED-WoNT. Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva, Educativa, Social y Metodología de la Universidad Jaume de Castellón. España: Universidad Jaume de Castellón. Recuperado de: http://www.want.uji.es/download/metodologia-red-wont-departamento-de-psicologia-evolutiva-educativa-social-y-metodologia-de-la-universidad-jaume-i-de-castellon/
Bakker, A.B. & Demerouti, E, (2013). La teoría de las demandas y los recursos laborales. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(3), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.5093/tr2013a16
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the Job Demands–Resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Luthans, F. & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging Positive Organizational Behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300814
Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
Lesener, T., Gusy, B. & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065
Jackson, L. & Rothmann, S. (2005). Work-related well-being of educators in a district of the North-West Province. Perspectives in Education, 23(3), 107-122.
Rothmann,S., Mostert, K. & Strydom, M. (2006). A psychometric evaluation of the job demands resources scale in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(4), 76-86. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v32i4.239
Hair, J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R. & Black, W.C. (1999). Análisis Multivariante, 5a ed. Pearson España: Prentice Hall.
Demerouti, E. & Bakker, A.B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: challenges for the future research. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974
Wang, H., Demerouti, E., Le Blanc, P. & Lu, C. (2018). Crafting a job in ‘tough times’: When being proactive is positively related to work attachment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91, 569-590. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12218
Hernández, H.L. & Oramas, V.A. (2018). Factores psicosociales laborales relacionados con el work engagement desde el Modelo de Demanda-Recursos Laborales en trabajadores cubano. Revista Cubana de Salud y Trabajo, 19(2), 1923.
Schaufeli, W.B. & Bakker, A.R. (2013). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Yunsoo, L. & Eissenstat, S.J. (2018). An application of work engagement in the job demands-resources model to career development: assessing gender differences. Human Resources Development Quarterly, 29(2), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21310
Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. & Euwema, M.C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170-180. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
Wonil, L., Migliaccio, G.C., Ken-You, L. & Seto, E.Y. (2020). Workforce development: understanding task-level job demands-resources, burnout, and performance in unskilled construction workers. Safety Science, 123, 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104577
Hulshof, I.L. Demerouti, E. & LeBlanc, P.M. (2020). A job search demands-resources intervention among the unemployed: Effects on well-being, job search behavior and reemployment chances. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000167
Mudrak, J., Zabrodska, K., Kveton, P., Jelinek, M., Blatny, M., Solcova, I. & Machovcova, K. (2018). Occupational well-being among university faculty: A job demands-resources model. Research in Higher Education, 59(3), 325-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-017-9467-x
Hui, C., Hui, Y., Yongxia, D. & Binquan, W. (2020). Nurses’ mental health and patient safety: An extensión of Job Demands-Resources model. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(3), 653-663. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12971
Bottiani, J., Duran, Ch., Pas, E. & Bradshaw, C. (2019). Teacher stress and burnout in urban middle schools: Associations with job demands, resources, and effective classroom practices. Journal of School Psychology, 77, 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.10.002
Carlson, J.R., Carlson, D.S., Zivnuska, S., Harris, R.B. & Harris, K.J. (2017). Applying the job demands resources model to undestand technology as a predictor of turnover intentions. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.009
Boyd, C.M., Bakker, A.B., Pignata, S., Winefield, A.H., Gillespie, N. & Stough, C. (2011). A longitudinal test of the job demands-resources model among australian university academics. Applied Psychology, 60(1), 112-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00429.x
Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B. & Rhenen, W.V. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness abstenteism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893-917. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.595
Bakker, A.B., Van Emmerik, H. & Van Riet, P. (2008). How Jobs demands, resources, and burnout predict objetive performance: A constructive reaplication. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 21(3), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800801958637
Colín, F.G. (2018). Estudio del papel mediador del engagement en el trabajo entre las demandas y recursos laborales. Psicología Iberoamericana, 26(2), 32-44. Recuperado de: https://psicologiaiberoamericana.ibero.mx/index.php/psicologia/article/view/21
Tims, M., Bakker, A.B. & Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(2), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032141
Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179-201. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378011
Demerouti, E., Hewett, R., Haun, V., De Gieter, S., Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. & Skakon, J. (2020). From job crafting to home crafting: A daily diary study among six European countries. Human Relations, 73(7), 1010-1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726719848809
Wang, H., Demerouti, E., Le Blanc, P. & Lu, C. (2018). Crafting a job in ‘tough times’: When being proactive is positively related to work attachment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91, 569-590. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12218
Demerouti, E. (2018). Integrating individual strategies in the Demands-Resources Theory. Istanbul Business Research, 47(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.26650/ibr.2018.47.1.0001
Demerouti, E. & Peeters, M.C. (2018). Transmission of reduction-oriented crafting among colleagues: A diary study on the moderating role of working conditions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91, 209-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12196
Blanco-Donoso, L.M., Garrosa, E., Demerouti, E. & Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2017). Job resources and recovery experiences to fase difficulties in emotion regulation at work: A diary study among nurses. International Journal of Stress Management, 24(2), 107-134. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000023
Bakker, A.B. & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) Esta licencia permite a otros compartir el trabajo con un reconocimiento de la autoría del trabajo y la publicación inicial en esta revista (componente BY o atribución). Coincidente con la política de Acceso Abierto, no se podrán hacer usos comerciales de los contenidos publicados por esta revista (componente NC). Se permitirán las obras derivadas (remezcla, transformación o creación a partir de la obra original), siempre y cuando sean distribuidas bajo la misma licencia de la obra original (componente SA).
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).
