La reserva cognitiva mejora la velocidad de procesamiento de los componentes centrales del tiempo de reacción en adultos mayores pero no en jóvenes

Jorge Heliodoro Mayor Ríos, Félix Jesús Amador Romero, Isielis Ramírez

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Dos cuestiones actuales en el estudio de la reserva cognitiva (RC) son, por un lado, si su influencia tiene un carácter selectivo o general sobre los diferentes componentes de procesamiento de información y, por otro, si se trata de un proceso normal utilizado por el cerebro sano o un mecanismo de compensación que el cerebro desarrolla a lo largo de la vida, pero que sólo es funcional ante las limitaciones que impone la patología o el deterioro natural de la edad. El presente estudio ha evaluado ambas hipótesis al comparar un grupo de adultos mayores sanos y un grupo de control joven a través de tres tareas de TRD de demandas crecientes de procesamiento central pero con demandas de respuesta constantes. Los componentes centrales y motores del TR fueron registrados separadamente. Dentro de cada grupo los sujetos fueron clasificados de acuerdo con dos niveles de RC: alto o bajo. Los resultados indican, primero, que la RC mejora la velocidad de procesamiento en los adultos mayores de alta RC pero que este efecto sólo tiene lugar en los componentes centrales del TR y, segundo, que ella representa un mecanismo de compensación o alternativo que interviene ante el deterioro de los mecanismos normales de procesamiento e, inclusive, sólo ante elevadas demandas de procesamiento

Palabras clave

reserva cognitiva,;tiempo de reacción; adulto mayor; envejecimiento cognitivo; salud mental

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