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Efectos en la salud causados por el trabajo infantil. Una revisión desde la medicina del trabajo.
Resumen
Introducción: el trabajo infantil es un problema mundial en el que intervienen factores sociales, culturales y económicos. Los niños trabajan en todos los sectores económicos, mayoritariamente en agricultura, y se exponen a riesgos ocupacionales que pueden afectar su salud y dejar secuelas para la vida adulta.
Objetivo: determinar los efectos que tiene el trabajo en la salud de los niños, niñas y adolescentes.
Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en los motores de búsqueda Pubmed y Embase con el tesauro “child labor” y se incluyeron investigaciones publicadas entre 2017 y 2022.
Resultados: se identificaron consecuencias para la salud por exposición a riesgo químico, biomecánico, psicosocial y de seguridad. Dentro de las sustancias químicas, los metales y los pesticidas fueron las sustancias químicas de mayor impacto, por afectación endocrina, renal y gastrointestinal, mientras que factores de riesgo biomecánico como los movimientos repetitivos y las posturas inadecuadas causan trastornos dolorosos en la columna vertebral y las extremidades de los niños que trabajan. La exposición a peligros de seguridad se asocia con accidentes de trabajo mortales, especialmente en el sector de agricultura. Adicionalmente, los niños que trabajan pueden desarrollar ansiedad, depresión y trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), afectando la salud mental en la infancia y la adolescencia, y dejando secuelas para la vida adulta.
Conclusiones: existe relación entre el trabajo infantil y efectos negativos en la salud de los niños, esto debe motivar la toma de decisiones para hacer el trabajo infantil más seguro y lograr su erradicación.
Palabras clave
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