Variabilidad y enlentecimiento cognitivo en los adultos mayores: limitaciones del control atencional
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Introducción: El análisis de la variabilidad del tiempo de reacción y su interpretación en términos de limitaciones en el control ejecutivo, ha sido utilizado para evaluar la contribución de ese factor al enlentecimiento cognitivo. Objetivo: Evaluar la variabilidad del tiempo de reacción en adultos mayores y controles sanos empleando un modelo de distribución no gaussiano, que permite estimar la contribución de factores no aleatorios a la varianza total del tiempo de reacción . Material y método: 35 adultos mayores sanos fueron comparados con 80 controles jóvenes durante la ejecución de tareas de tiempo de reacción discriminativo con demandas crecientes de dificultad decisional y exactamente las mismas demandas de respuesta motora . Los grupos fueron equiparados en años de escolaridad vencidos, capacidad intelectual y niveles de ansiedad y depresión. El componente central del tiempo de reacción fue registrado por separado y ajustado a la curva ex-gaussiana. Los parámetros µ, s y t (asociados a la variabilidad de la distribución) fueron estimados. Resultados: Primero, los adultos mayores son más lentos y variables que los controles; segundo, esa variabilidad está relacionada con la aparición de respuestas extremas lentas; y tercero, esa variabilidad se intensifica con el aumento de las demandas de la tarea. Conclusiones: Estos resultados son interpretables en términos de, por un lado, una reducción de la velocidad de las operaciones computacionales que procesan la información de la tarea m y, por el otro, con la aparición de interrupciones transitorias de las operaciones que regulan y controlan a aquellas t, es decir, con lapsus atencionales.
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