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Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Demandas-Recursos Laborales para medir el estrés laboral.
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El estrés laboral constiuye un problema actual de salud ocupacional y su medición representa un reto. El Modelo Demandas-Recursos Laborales sustenta los efectos directos e indirectos de sus componentes en el estrés y la motivación de los trabajadores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar una escala para medir el estrés laboral basada en el modelo antes señalado y determinar sus propiedades psicométricas. La metodología utilizada fue: a) revisión a la literatura, b) determinación de la estructura factorial de la escala, c) aplicación de redes semánticas naturales para identificar los significados psicológicos de los factores de la escala, d) contrastación de los resultados obtenidos en la revisión a la literatura y las redes semánticas naturales, e) elaboración del banco de reactivos, f) validez interjueces, g) integración de la escala, h) aplicación de la escala a una muestra de 513 trabajadores para determinar sus propiedades psicométricas. Los resultados arrojan una escala con 75 reactivos y 14 factores: seis demandas laborales (demandas físicas y psicológicas, demandas cognitivas, demandas emocionales, sobrecarga, presión de tiempo, conflicto y ambigüedad de rol) y ocho recursos laborales (retroalimentación, participación en la toma de decisiones, autonomía, recompensas, estabilidad en el empleo, oportunidades de desarrollo laboral, apoyo social de compañeros y apoyo social del superior). Los resultados señalan que la escala es válida y confiable. Es recomendable que futuras investigaciones efectuen la validez externa de la escala asociándola con el burnout y el engagement de acuerdo con el Modelo Demandas-Recursos Laborales.
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